Notes for Middle Egyptian Ch.6 -- Adjectives
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Definitions
primary adjectives
埃及文只有一個 primary adj.
e.g. nb "all, every"
secondary adjectives
實為 verbal participle，多數形容詞均屬於此類
e.g. nfr adj. good, beauty, perfect
e.g. nfr v. to be (or become) good, beautiful, perfect
derived adjectives / nisbe
由名詞或前置詞衍伸而來
e.g. nwtj adj. local
e.g. nwt n. town
e.g. n prep. to, for
e.g. n. genitival adjective
Adjectives as modifiers
# 形容詞會隨著 gender 和 number 變化，分別以 primary、secondary 和 nisbe 三種形容詞 nb、nfr 和 nwtj 為例：
| primary | secondary | nisbe | |
| masculine sg. | nb | nfr | nwtj |
| masculine pl. | nbw | nfrw | nwtjw |
| feminine | nbt | nfrt | nwtt |
# 陰性單複數讀音相同，寫法有時卻不同，見 p.59
# 形容詞永遠在被修飾的名詞之後
e.g. 陽性：sxtj nb "every peasant" => sxtjw nbw "all peasants"
e.g. 陰性：Hmt nfrt "good woman" => Hmwt nfrt "good women"
這種特性有助於區別名詞和形容詞，以 nb ( n."lord" ; adj."every" ) 為例：
e.g. pr nb "every house"
e.g. nb pr "lord of the house"
Adjective order
# 與其他形容詞並列時，nb "all" 和指示代詞通常放在最前面，
e.g. xt nbt nfrt wabt "every good and clean thing"
e.g. nTr pf mnx "that beneficent god"
e.g. sxrw.j jqrw "my excellent plans"
# "Nothing can stand between the two nouns of a direct genitive" 的定律永遠不變
e.g. Hmt wab nb "every priest's wife"
( 這裡 every 是用來修飾 priest )
# 當一形容詞修飾第一個名詞時，它必須跟在第一個名詞之後，或是以 indirect genitive 的型態放在整個 noun phrase 之後：
e.g. Hmt wab nbt "every wife of a priest"
= Hmt nbt nt wab
( 這裡 every 是用來修飾 wife )
Adjectives as nouns
# 事實上除了 nb，所有形容詞本質上都是名詞，在當作名詞使用時，這些形容詞與名詞的用法毫無差 別：
e.g. sxrw.j jqrw "my excellent plans" = "my plans, the good ones"
e.g. nfrt adj."good, beautiful" = f.n."a good thing" = f.n."a beautiful woman"
# 在書寫時，常用一個 determinative 來決定這個名詞的性質，見 p.61
The nfr Hr construction
# 用來描述具有某種屬性的東西，埃及語有種特別的表示型態：
e.g. nfr Hr lit."a good one of face" = "good of face, kindly"
e.g. aSA zrw lit."many of sheep" = "one who has many sheep"
e.g. nfrwt nt Haw.sn lit."beautiful ones of their bodies" = "those who have beautiful bodies"
e.g. zXAw jqr n Dbaw.f lit."a scribe, a skilled one of his fingers" = "a scribe skilled with his fingers"
The interrogative adjective
# 埃及文有一個疑問代詞，其實質為形容詞，只用在疑問句：
e.g. wr "how much?, how great?", lit.adj."great"
Apparent adjectives
# 許多在我們語言是形容詞的東西，在埃及文裡要用名詞或前置詞來表示。以名詞表示的形容詞如：
1. "other"
m.sg. ki
f.sg. kt, kti
pl. kjwj
ki 實際上是 dual noun，永遠放在被修飾的名詞之前：
e.g. ki sb(A) lit."another, a gate" = "another gate, the other gate"
e.g. kt xt "the other thing, another thing"
e.g. kjw(j) bjtjw "other Lower Egyptian kings"
ki 可以單獨使用：
e.g. kti.f wAt lit."its other one, a path" = "its other path"
當 ki 單獨用來作為複數意義時，以一種特別的複合字方式表示：
e.g. kt-xt ; kt-xj "others, the others"
2. 其他名詞作為形容詞用途，但不像 ki 擁有那麼多形式的有：
(1) Tnw ; tnw "each, each one"（永遠用 direct genetive）
e.g. Tnw rnpt lit."each one of year" = "each year"
(2) nhj "some, a little, a few"（永遠用 indirect genetive）
e.g. nhj n r(m)T lit."some of people" = "a few people"
e.g. nh(j) n HmAt lit."some of salt" = "a little salt, some salt"
3. 有些前置詞做形容詞解釋，使用時在其後依照 gender 和 number 以第三人稱表示：
(1) r Dr lit."to the limit" = "whole, complete, entire"
e.g. tA pn r Dr.f lit."this land to its limit" = "this entire land"
(2) r Aw lit."according to the length" = "whole, complete, entire"
(3) mj qd lit."like the shape" = "whole, complete, entire"
e.g. Hwt-nTr mj qd.s lit."the god's enclosure like its shape" = "the whole temple"
(4) mj qj lit."like the character" = "whole, complete, entire"
Comparative and superlative
# 埃及文實際上沒有比較級或最高級，例如 nfr 可依照上下文解釋成 "good"、"better"，或"best"。但常 常也有一些方式來表達這些意思：
1. Comparative：r "with respect to"
e.g. nTr mnx r nTr nb
lit."a god beneficent with respect to every god" = "a god more beneficent than any god"
e.g. nfrt r xt nbt
lit."a good one with respect to everything" = "something better than anything"
2. Superlative：jm(j) "among" 或不加
e.g. wr wrw ; wr n wrw
lit."the great one of the great ones" = "the greatest of the great, the greatest of all"
e.g. wr jm(j) saHw
lit."the great one among the dignitaries" = "greatest of the dignitaries ; the greatest dignitary"
Egyptian expression for "have"
三種表達方式：
# nb "lord of"
e.g. nb aAw "owner of donkey, has donkey"
# The nfr Hr construction
# n 實際上是個 nisbe，故陽性單數時要加 -j：
e.g. nswt ; n(j)-swt lit."the belonging one of the sedge" = "king, he who has the sedge"
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